Palavras-chave
Glutamato
Glutamina
Leitões
Lisina
Nutrição.
Glutamina
Leitões
Lisina
Nutrição.
Como Citar
Gomes, M. da S., Valente Júnior, D. T., Silva, F. C. de O., Cunha Júnior, R. L., Ribeiro Junior, V., Saraiva, A., & Rocha, G. C. (2021). Efeitos da glutamina e do glutamato em leitões alimentados com dietas com diferentes níveis de lisina digestível. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 42(6SUPL2), 3919–3930. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6SUPL2p3919
Resumo
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da glutamina e do glutamato (Gln/Glu) no desempenho e na resposta imune de leitões alimentados com diferentes níveis de lisina digestível. Duzentos e dezesseis suínos, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, foram distribuídos em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso de acordo com seu peso corporal (PC) inicial, em um arranjo fatorial 2 × 2 com dois níveis de lisina (baixa-lis e controle-lis) e dois níveis de Gln/Glu (0 e 12 g kg-1), com nove repetições. Aos 26 dias, os leitões que consumiram o baixa-lis não suplementado com Gln/Glu apresentaram maior (P < 0,01) incidência de diarreia quando comparados aos demais tratamentos. Dentre 21 a 32 dias de idade, os leitões alimentados com dietas controle-lis tiveram melhor desempenho do que aqueles alimentados com dietas baixa-lis (P < 0,01). Dos 21 aos 42 dias de idade, houve correlação (P < 0,01) entre o nível de lis e a suplementação com Gln/Glu para consumo de ração médio diário (CRM) e conversão alimentar (CA). A suplementação com Gln/Glu melhorou o CRM dos animais alimentados com dietas de baixo teor de lis, resultando em maior ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) e PC; no entanto, a CA piorou. Os leitões que consumiram dietas controle-lis apresentaram maior concentração sérica de nitrogênio ureico (SUN) (P < 0,05) e IgG (P < 0,05) do que os que consumiram dietas baixa-lis. Além disso, os suplementados com Gln/Glu apresentaram maior (P < 0,01) SUN do que os não suplementados. A suplementação dietética de glutamina e glutamato melhorou o desempenho de crescimento de leitões desmamados de 21 a 42 dias de idade, independentemente dos níveis de lis da dieta. Além disso, a redução dos níveis de lis 10% abaixo do requisito afeta negativamente o desempenho do crescimento e a resposta imunológica dos leitões em creche.Referências
Ball, M. E. E., Magowan, E., McCracken, K. J., Beattie, V. E., Bradford, R., Gordon, F. J., & Henry, W. (2013). The effect of level of crude protein and available lysine on finishing pig performance, nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 26(4), 564-572. doi: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12177
Boisen, S. (1997). Ideal protein—and its suitability to characterize protein quality in pig feeds. A review. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A. Animal Science, 47(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064709709362367
Burrin, D. G., & Stoll, B. (2009). Metabolic fate and function of dietary glutamate in the gut. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 90(3), 850S-856S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462Y
Cabrera, R. A., Usry, J. L., Arrellano, C., Nogueira, E. T., Kutschenko, M., Moeser, A. J., & Odle, J. (2013). Effects of creep feeding and supplemental glutamine or glutamine plus glutamate (Aminogut) on pre- and post-weaning growth performance and intestinal health of piglets. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 4(1), 29. doi:10.1186/2049-1891-4-29
Duan, J., Yin, J., Ren, W., Liu, T., Cui, Z., Huang, X & Wu, G. (2016). Dietary supplementation with L-glutamate and L-aspartate alleviates oxidative stress in weaned piglets challenged with hydrogen peroxide. Amino Acids, 48(1), 53-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-2065-3
Fang, L. H., Jin, Y. H., Do, S. H., Hong, J. S., Kim, B. O., Han, T. H., & Kim, Y. Y. (2019). Effects of dietary energy and crude protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 32(4), 556-563. doi: 10.5713/ajas.18.0294
Gresse, R., Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Fleury, M. A., Van de Wiele, T., Forano, E., & Blanquet-Diot, S. (2017). Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Postweaning Piglets: Understanding the Keys to Health. Trends in Microbiology, 25(10), 851-873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2017.05.004
Halas, V., & Nochta, I. (2012). Mannan Oligosaccharides in Nursery Pig Nutrition and Their Potential Mode of Action. Animals, 2(2), 261-274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani2020261
He, J., Feng, G. D., Ao, X., Li, Y. F., Qian, H. X., Liu, J. B., & He, Z. Z. (2016). Effects of L-glutamine on growth performance, antioxidant ability, immunity and expression of genes related to intestinal health in weanling pigs. Livestock Science, 189, 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.05.009
Hou, Y., & Wu, G. L (2018). Glutamate nutrition and metabolism in swine. Amino Acids, 50, 1497-1510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-018-2634-3
James, L. A., Lunn, P. G., & Elia, M. (1998). Glutamine metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat assessed by the relative activities of glutaminase and glutamine synthetase. British Journal of Nutrition, 79, 365-372. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19980061
Ji, F. J., Wang, L. X., Yang, H. S., Hu, A., & Yin, Y. L. (2019). Review: The roles and functions of glutamine on intestinal health and performance of weaning pigs. Animal, 1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119001800
Johnson, J. S., & Lay, D. C. (2017). Evaluating the behavior, growth performance, immune parameters, and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets after simulated transport and heat stress when antibiotics are eliminated from the diet or replaced with L-glutamine. Journal of Animal Science, 95(1), 91-102. doi:10.2527/jas2016.1070
Klasing, K. C. (2007). Nutrition and the immune system. British Poultry Science, 48, 525-537. 10.1080/00071660701671336.
Leite da Silva, A., dos Santos, S. G. C. G., Saraiva, E. P., Fonsêca, V. de F. C., Givisiez, P. E. N., Pascoal, L. A. F., & de Amorim, M. L. C. M. (2019). Supplementation of diets with glutamine and glutamic acid attenuated the effects of cold stress on intestinal mucosa and performance of weaned piglets. Animal Production Science, 59(10). doi:10.1071/an17630
Liu, Y., Espinosa, C. D., Abelilla, J. J., Casas, G. A., Lagos, L. V., Lee, S. A. & Stein, H. H. (2018). Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: A review. Animal Nutrition, 4(2), 113-125. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.007
Newsholme, P. (2001). Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, postinjury, surgery or infection?. The Journal of nutrition, 131, 25158-25228. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.9.2515s
NRC. (2012). Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
Oresanya, T. F., Beaulieu, A. D., Beltranena, E., and Patience, J. F. (2006). The effect of dietary energy concentration and total lysine/digestible energy ratio on the growth performance of weaned pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 87(1), 45-55. doi:10.4141/a05-064
Reeds, P. J. & Burrin, D. G (2001). Glutamine and the Bowel. Journal of Nutrition, 131: 2505S-2508S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.9.2505S
Rhoads, J. M & Wu, G. (2009). Glutamine, arginine, and leucine signaling in the intestine. Amino acids, 37, 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0225-4
Rostagno, H. S. et al. (2017) Tabelas Brasileiras Para Aves e Suínos: Composição de Alimentos e Exigências Nutricionais (488 p.). Departamento de Zootecnia-UFV, Viçosa, MG, BR.
Ruth, M. R., & Field, C. J. (2013). The immune modifying effects of amino acids on gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 4(1), 27. doi:10.1186/2049-1891-4-27
Taylor, A. E., Toplis, P., Wellock, I. J., & Miller, H. M. (2012). The effects of genotype and dietary lysine concentration on the production of weaner pigs. Livestock Science, 149(1-2), 180-184. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2012.06.023
Teixeira, A. de O., Nogueira, E. T., Kutschenko, M., Rostagno, H. S., & Lopes, D. C. (2014). Inclusion of glutamine associated with glutamic acid in the diet of piglets weaned at 21 days of age. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 15(4), 881-896. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402014000400013
Van der Hulst, R. R. W. J., Van Kreel, B. K., Von Meyenfeldt, M. F., Brummer, R. K., Arends, J. W., Deutz, N. E., Soeters, P. B. (1993). Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet, 431, 1363-1365. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)90939-E
Wu, G., Wu, Z., Dai, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, W., Liu, C., ... & Yin, Y. (2013). Dietary requirements of "nutritionally non-essential amino acids" by animals and humans. Amino acids, 44(4), 1107-1113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-012-1444-2
Yoo, S. S., Field, C. J., & McBurney, M. I. (1997). Glutamine supplementation maintains intramuscular glutamine concentrations and normalizes lymphocyte function in infected early weaned pigs. The Journal of nutrition, 127(11), 2253-9. doi: 10.1093/jn/127.11.2253.
Zhang, G. J., Xie, C. Y., Thacker, P. A., Htoo, J. K., & Qiao, S. Y. (2013). Estimation of the ideal ratio of standardized ileal digestible threonine to lysine for growing pigs (22-50 kg) fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Animal feed science and technology, 180(1-4), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.01.006
Zhou, H., Chen, D. W., Mao, X. B., He, J., You, J., Zheng, P., Luo, J. Q., Gao, J., Htoo, J., & Yu, B. (2018). Effects of dietary lysine levels on jejunal expression of amino acids transporters and hindgut microflora in weaned pigs. Journal Animal. Feed Science, 27(3), 238-247. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/93736/2018
Boisen, S. (1997). Ideal protein—and its suitability to characterize protein quality in pig feeds. A review. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A. Animal Science, 47(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064709709362367
Burrin, D. G., & Stoll, B. (2009). Metabolic fate and function of dietary glutamate in the gut. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 90(3), 850S-856S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462Y
Cabrera, R. A., Usry, J. L., Arrellano, C., Nogueira, E. T., Kutschenko, M., Moeser, A. J., & Odle, J. (2013). Effects of creep feeding and supplemental glutamine or glutamine plus glutamate (Aminogut) on pre- and post-weaning growth performance and intestinal health of piglets. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 4(1), 29. doi:10.1186/2049-1891-4-29
Duan, J., Yin, J., Ren, W., Liu, T., Cui, Z., Huang, X & Wu, G. (2016). Dietary supplementation with L-glutamate and L-aspartate alleviates oxidative stress in weaned piglets challenged with hydrogen peroxide. Amino Acids, 48(1), 53-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-2065-3
Fang, L. H., Jin, Y. H., Do, S. H., Hong, J. S., Kim, B. O., Han, T. H., & Kim, Y. Y. (2019). Effects of dietary energy and crude protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 32(4), 556-563. doi: 10.5713/ajas.18.0294
Gresse, R., Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Fleury, M. A., Van de Wiele, T., Forano, E., & Blanquet-Diot, S. (2017). Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Postweaning Piglets: Understanding the Keys to Health. Trends in Microbiology, 25(10), 851-873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2017.05.004
Halas, V., & Nochta, I. (2012). Mannan Oligosaccharides in Nursery Pig Nutrition and Their Potential Mode of Action. Animals, 2(2), 261-274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani2020261
He, J., Feng, G. D., Ao, X., Li, Y. F., Qian, H. X., Liu, J. B., & He, Z. Z. (2016). Effects of L-glutamine on growth performance, antioxidant ability, immunity and expression of genes related to intestinal health in weanling pigs. Livestock Science, 189, 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.05.009
Hou, Y., & Wu, G. L (2018). Glutamate nutrition and metabolism in swine. Amino Acids, 50, 1497-1510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-018-2634-3
James, L. A., Lunn, P. G., & Elia, M. (1998). Glutamine metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat assessed by the relative activities of glutaminase and glutamine synthetase. British Journal of Nutrition, 79, 365-372. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19980061
Ji, F. J., Wang, L. X., Yang, H. S., Hu, A., & Yin, Y. L. (2019). Review: The roles and functions of glutamine on intestinal health and performance of weaning pigs. Animal, 1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119001800
Johnson, J. S., & Lay, D. C. (2017). Evaluating the behavior, growth performance, immune parameters, and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets after simulated transport and heat stress when antibiotics are eliminated from the diet or replaced with L-glutamine. Journal of Animal Science, 95(1), 91-102. doi:10.2527/jas2016.1070
Klasing, K. C. (2007). Nutrition and the immune system. British Poultry Science, 48, 525-537. 10.1080/00071660701671336.
Leite da Silva, A., dos Santos, S. G. C. G., Saraiva, E. P., Fonsêca, V. de F. C., Givisiez, P. E. N., Pascoal, L. A. F., & de Amorim, M. L. C. M. (2019). Supplementation of diets with glutamine and glutamic acid attenuated the effects of cold stress on intestinal mucosa and performance of weaned piglets. Animal Production Science, 59(10). doi:10.1071/an17630
Liu, Y., Espinosa, C. D., Abelilla, J. J., Casas, G. A., Lagos, L. V., Lee, S. A. & Stein, H. H. (2018). Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: A review. Animal Nutrition, 4(2), 113-125. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.007
Newsholme, P. (2001). Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, postinjury, surgery or infection?. The Journal of nutrition, 131, 25158-25228. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.9.2515s
NRC. (2012). Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
Oresanya, T. F., Beaulieu, A. D., Beltranena, E., and Patience, J. F. (2006). The effect of dietary energy concentration and total lysine/digestible energy ratio on the growth performance of weaned pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 87(1), 45-55. doi:10.4141/a05-064
Reeds, P. J. & Burrin, D. G (2001). Glutamine and the Bowel. Journal of Nutrition, 131: 2505S-2508S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.9.2505S
Rhoads, J. M & Wu, G. (2009). Glutamine, arginine, and leucine signaling in the intestine. Amino acids, 37, 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0225-4
Rostagno, H. S. et al. (2017) Tabelas Brasileiras Para Aves e Suínos: Composição de Alimentos e Exigências Nutricionais (488 p.). Departamento de Zootecnia-UFV, Viçosa, MG, BR.
Ruth, M. R., & Field, C. J. (2013). The immune modifying effects of amino acids on gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 4(1), 27. doi:10.1186/2049-1891-4-27
Taylor, A. E., Toplis, P., Wellock, I. J., & Miller, H. M. (2012). The effects of genotype and dietary lysine concentration on the production of weaner pigs. Livestock Science, 149(1-2), 180-184. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2012.06.023
Teixeira, A. de O., Nogueira, E. T., Kutschenko, M., Rostagno, H. S., & Lopes, D. C. (2014). Inclusion of glutamine associated with glutamic acid in the diet of piglets weaned at 21 days of age. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 15(4), 881-896. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402014000400013
Van der Hulst, R. R. W. J., Van Kreel, B. K., Von Meyenfeldt, M. F., Brummer, R. K., Arends, J. W., Deutz, N. E., Soeters, P. B. (1993). Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet, 431, 1363-1365. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)90939-E
Wu, G., Wu, Z., Dai, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, W., Liu, C., ... & Yin, Y. (2013). Dietary requirements of "nutritionally non-essential amino acids" by animals and humans. Amino acids, 44(4), 1107-1113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-012-1444-2
Yoo, S. S., Field, C. J., & McBurney, M. I. (1997). Glutamine supplementation maintains intramuscular glutamine concentrations and normalizes lymphocyte function in infected early weaned pigs. The Journal of nutrition, 127(11), 2253-9. doi: 10.1093/jn/127.11.2253.
Zhang, G. J., Xie, C. Y., Thacker, P. A., Htoo, J. K., & Qiao, S. Y. (2013). Estimation of the ideal ratio of standardized ileal digestible threonine to lysine for growing pigs (22-50 kg) fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Animal feed science and technology, 180(1-4), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.01.006
Zhou, H., Chen, D. W., Mao, X. B., He, J., You, J., Zheng, P., Luo, J. Q., Gao, J., Htoo, J., & Yu, B. (2018). Effects of dietary lysine levels on jejunal expression of amino acids transporters and hindgut microflora in weaned pigs. Journal Animal. Feed Science, 27(3), 238-247. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/93736/2018
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